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In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube,123 or just a tube North America, or valve Britain and some other regions is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container. Vacuum tubes mostly rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or a cathode heated by the filament. This type is called a thermionic tube or thermionic valve. A phototube, however, achieves electron emission through the photoelectric effect. Not all electronic circuit valveselectron tubes are vacuum tubes evacuated gas filled tubes are similar devices containing a gas, typically at low pressure, which exploit phenomena related to electric discharge in gases, usually without a heater. Rainbow-E2-Review.jpg' alt='Rainbow Vacuum E Series Service Manual' title='Rainbow Vacuum E Series Service Manual' />The simplest vacuum tube, the diode, contains only a heater, a heated electron emitting cathode the filament itself acts as the cathode in some diodes, and a plate anode. Current can only flow in one direction through the device between the two electrodes, as electrons emitted by the cathode travel through the tube and are collected by the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. Tubes with grids can be used for many purposes, including amplification, rectification, switching, oscillation, and display. Invented in 1. 90. John Ambrose Fleming, vacuum tubes were a basic component for electronics throughout the first half of the twentieth century, which saw the diffusion of radio, television, radar, sound reinforcement, sound recording and reproduction, large telephone networks, analog and digital computers, and industrial process control. Although some applications had counterparts using earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter or mechanical computers, it was the invention of the vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical. In the 1. 94. 0s the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid state devices, which are smaller, more efficient, more reliable, more durable, and cheaper than tubes. Hence, from the mid 1. The cathode ray tube CRT remained the basis for televisions and video monitors until superseded in the 2. However, there are still a few applications for which tubes are preferred to semiconductors for example, the magnetron used in microwave ovens, and certain high frequency amplifiers. There is NO VAT payable on manuals. Please contact me for current prices. We stock manuals from most manufacturers,Tektronix, Phillips, Marconi, Racal, HP etc. Shop for the Panasonic MCUG471 Bag Upright Vacuum Cleaner Corded at the Amazon Home Kitchen Store. Find products from Panasonic with the lowest prices. ClassificationseditOne classification of vacuum tubes is by the number of active electrodes, neglecting the filament or heater. A device with two active elements is a diode, usually used for rectification. Devices with three elements are triodes used for amplification and switching. Additional electrodes create tetrodes, pentodes, and so forth, which have multiple additional functions made possible by the additional controllable electrodes. Other classifications are by frequency range audio, radio, VHF, UHF, microwaveby power rating small signal, audio power, high power radio transmittingby cathodefilament type indirectly heated, directly heated and Warm up time including bright emitter or dull emitterby characteristic curves design e. Nixie tubes, magic eye tubes, Vacuum fluorescent displays, CRTsMultiple classifications may apply to a device for example similar dual triodes can be used for audio preamplification and as flip flops in computers, although linearity is important in the former case and long life in the latter. Tubes have different functions, such as cathode ray tubes which create a beam of electrons for display purposes such as the television picture tube in addition to more specialized functions such as electron microscopy and electron beam lithography. X ray tubes are also vacuum tubes. Phototubes and photomultipliers rely on electron flow through a vacuum, though in those cases electron emission from the cathode depends on energy from photons rather than thermionic emission. Since these sorts of vacuum tubes have functions other than electronic amplification and rectification they are described in their own articles. DescriptioneditDiode electrons from the hot cathode flow towards the positive anode, but not vice versa. Triode voltage applied to the grid controls plate anode current. Rainbow Vacuum E Series Service Manual' title='Rainbow Vacuum E Series Service Manual' />A vacuum tube consists of two or more electrodes in a vacuum inside an airtight enclosure. Most tubes have glass envelopes with a glass to metal seal based on kovar sealable borosilicate glasses, though ceramic and metal envelopes atop insulating bases have been used. The electrodes are attached to leads which pass through the envelope via an airtight seal. Most vacuum tubes have a limited lifetime, due to the filament or heater burning out or other failure modes, so they are made as replaceable units the electrode leads connect to pins on the tubes base which plug into a tube socket. Tubes were a frequent cause of failure in electronic equipment, and consumers were expected to be able to replace tubes themselves. In addition to the base terminals, some tubes had an electrode terminating at a top cap. The principal reason for doing this was to avoid leakage resistance through the tube base, particularly for the high impedance grid input. The bases were commonly made with phenolic insulation which performs poorly as an insulator in humid conditions. Other reasons for using a top cap include improving stability by reducing grid to anode capacitance,7 improved high frequency performance, keeping a very high plate voltage away from lower voltages, and accommodating one more electrode than allowed by the base. There was even an occasional design that had two top cap connections. The earliest vacuum tubes evolved from incandescent light bulbs, containing a filamentsealed in an evacuated glass envelope. When hot, the filament releases electrons into the vacuum, a process called thermionic emission, originally known as the Edison Effect. A second electrode, the anode or plate, will attract those electrons if it is at a more positive voltage. The result is a net flow of electrons from the filament to plate. However, electrons cannot flow in the reverse direction because the plate is not heated and does not emit electrons. The filament cathode has a dual function it emits electrons when heated and, together with the plate, it creates an electric field due to the potential difference between them. Such a tube with only two electrodes is termed a diode, and is used for rectification. Since current can only pass in one direction, such a diode or rectifier will convert alternating current AC to pulsating DC. Diodes can therefore be used in a DC power supply, as a demodulator of amplitude modulated AM radio signals and for similar functions. Early tubes used the filament as the cathode, this is called a directly heated tube. Most modern tubes are indirectly heated by a heater element inside a metal tube that is the cathode. The heater is electrically isolated from the surrounding cathode and simply serves to heat the cathode sufficiently for thermionic emission of electrons. Welcome Passwird. Deals and Bargains. Newegg Flash has the LG OLED5. B7. A 5. 5 4. K Ultra HD Smart OLED TV 2. Also available is the LG OLED6. B7. A 6. 5 Inch 4. K Ultra HD Smart OLED TV for 2. Both of these are highly rated tvs and priced fairlly aggressively for the specs.